The N95 mask has been celebrated as a leading defense against Covid-19, yet recent research reveals disturbing hidden dangers with its use.
Invisible Danger: A study conducted by Jeonbuk National University in South Korea, highlighted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), uncovered these masks may expose users to high levels of toxic chemicals. Research indicates N95 masks emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations EIGHT times above recommended safety limits!
In 2023, the global market for N95 masks was estimated to be valued at approximately $10.1 billion, with continued growth projected. This growth is driven largely by the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, which heightened global awareness about respiratory protection.
The market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.3% through 2030, reaching around $21.4 billion.
The demand for N95 masks remains strong across industries, including healthcare, construction, and manufacturing. (Resources: ResearchAndMarkets, Grand View Research)
Large manufacturers like 3M and Honeywell are the most well-known producers. 3M, headquartered in the United States, is the largest producer of N95 masks worldwide, making millions of masks each year. Other key players are based in China and Southeast Asia, where they produce large-scale manufacturing for personal protective equipment (PPE).
How N95 Masks Are Made
N95 masks are made using a combination of synthetic fibers and chemicals. The most crucial part of the mask is the non-woven polypropylene fabric, and is responsible for filtering out roughly 95% of airborne particles.
Polypropylene is generally considered safe, but the production process involves heat, pressure, and chemicals that can lead to the release of VOCs.
The main component of the mask, the filter media, is made using a process called “melt-blowing.” During the melt-blowing process, VOCs are sometimes released, which may include formaldehyde and other organic solvents. In this process, polypropylene resin is melted down and forced through small nozzles under high pressure to form ultra-fine fibers. These compounds can irritate the respiratory system and contribute to long-term health risks with prolonged exposure.
These fibers are then collected onto a moving screen, forming a non-woven fabric with tiny spaces that trap particles like dust, bacteria, and viruses.
N95 masks typically consist of multiple layers: an outer protective layer, the central filtration layer, and an inner layer that sits against the skin. Once the fibers are layered, they are cut into the proper shapes and sizes. The mask’s edges are sealed together, and straps or ear loops are added.
The binders and adhesives used to hold each layer together releases VOCs over time especially when the mask is exposed to heat and wear.
Toxic Reality Behind N95 Masks
Breathing in VOCs can lead to a variety of health issues, like headaches, nausea, and, with prolonged exposure, extreme consequences like organ damage and cancer. VOCs are also known to cause eye, nose, and throat irritation and can contribute to serious health problems, including damage to the central nervous system and organs like the liver.
Some studies say that if you allow the mask to air out for at least 30 minutes it may reduce exposure, but won’t eliminate the risk entirely.
Disposable Masks vs. Cloth Masks
Research contrasts the levels of VOCs in disposable masks with those in cloth masks, finding that disposable varieties release up to 14 times more of these harmful compounds.
Cloth masks, made from cotton and other natural fibers, have significantly lower TVOC levels and are deemed safer for daily use. Despite this, the study did not assess the actual health effects of wearing these masks.
These findings are significant, particularly if mask mandates are reinstated again. If mask mandates are mandated again, there may be more resistance among the more aware population (like the readers of Invisible Dangers and those who do online and textbook research).
The increased awareness of potential mask-related drawbacks could challenge the effectiveness and safety of ongoing mask policies.
Call for Caution and Regulation
N95 masks undoubtedly play a vital role in protecting against airborne hazards, but their production process may introduce unseen dangers.
VOCs, fibers, and other chemicals can potentially pose health risks, especially with prolonged exposure. Understanding how these masks are made and what goes into them helps paint a fuller picture of both the benefits and potential risks of relying on this form of protection.
Until comprehensive guidelines and testing are established, consumers and policymakers alike should be aware of the potential dangers lurking behind the seemingly protective barrier of N95 masks.
Wear any mask at your own risk, and pay attention to how you are feeling during and afterwards. Report any side effect to your health care provider.
Valerie Steele